Dubnick, Melvin, “Army Corps of Engineers.” In A HISTORICAL GUIDE TO AMERICAN GOVERNMENT , edited by George Kurian (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp 68-74.
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The document discusses the evolution, organization, and functions of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the National Center for Atmospheric Research.
Army Corps of Engineers Organizational Changes
- The Corps experienced major internal administrative reforms to better support military and civilian projects.
- New field commands were created in 1962 to oversee supply activities and adapt to new weapons.
- The Corps’ structure has continually refined to support field missions and civil works.
- Decentralization in the 1880s increased regional responsiveness but shifted its culture toward regional interests.
Historical Roots and Military Engineering
- The Corps’ origins are rooted in French military engineering traditions emphasizing scientific approaches.
- French engineers influenced American military engineering during the Revolutionary War, notably Duportail.
- Early American engineers relied on French manuals and training from France.
- The Corps was formally established in 1794 mainly for coastal defense, with limited civilian involvement initially.
Civilian and Military Engineering Development
- The Corps’ civil functions expanded gradually, especially in Washington, D.C., after the War of 1812.
- Topographical engineers emerged in 1838 to support exploration and mapping of the West.
- Civil war and postwar periods shifted focus from exploration to military protection and civilian infrastructure.
- Civilian engineers increasingly contributed to projects, leading to the creation of the Geological Survey in 1879.
Civil Works and Infrastructure Projects
- Post-Civil War, the Corps managed numerous public infrastructure projects, including flood control and navigation.
- The Flood Control Act of 1936 marked a major shift, authorizing dam construction and hydroelectric power.
- The Corps’ role expanded into water resource management, irrigation, and recreation.
- Competition with other agencies, like the Bureau of Reclamation, shaped project responsibilities.
Modern Challenges and Organizational Structure
- The Corps’ civil works grew significantly after WWII, with regional divisions and district offices.
- The Corps’ responsibilities include navigation, flood control, hydroelectric power, water supply, and recreation.
- Political responsiveness and regional interests influence its operations and culture.
- The Corps faces ongoing controversies over environmental impacts, efficiency, and project management.