Dubnick, Melvin. “A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum: Prospects for an Ethical Theory of Accountability.” Prepared for presentation at the 2019 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Public Administration (March 8-12, 2019), Washington DC
Abstract
This paper is intended to restate the case for the development of an “ethical theory of accountability” as an alternative to current theoretical frames being applied by students of accountable governance. I would emphasize the word “alternative” at this juncture, noting that an ethical theory should not be regarded as replacement for current models; rather it is offered as a reframing of accountability that can provide a significantly different perspective — one rooted in (and built upon) ontologically distinct presuppositions about the nature of account-giving/receiving.
Central to the effort is establishing accountability as the capacity to engage in account-giving/receiving behavior triggered by the human need to deal with problematic conditions involving social interactions where there exists a regard and respect for the reaction of others. This reconceptualization of accountability represents a major ontological shift and is supported by both the move to a second-person standpoint and acceptance of the Strawsonian view that ethical behavior is grounded in reactive attitudes inherent in interpersonal activity.
AI-Generated Summary:
This document explores the ethical foundations and complex relational dynamics of accountability in public administration, contrasting ethical and action-based theories.
Development of an Ethical Theory of Accountability
- The paper advocates for an ontological shift to an ethical perspective focusing on basic relational acts of account-giving.
- Unlike action theory, this approach sees account-giving as involuntary and triggered by social and ethical dilemmas involving respect and regard for others.
Limitations of Current Accountability Frameworks
- Existing models, like the “Forum Model,” focus narrowly on formal relationships where actors justify actions to forums.
- These frameworks often avoid deeper conceptual and theoretical issues, leading to fragmented understanding of accountability.
The “Forum Model” and Its Constraints
- The Forum Model defines accountability as a relationship involving obligation, explanation, questioning, judgment, and consequences.
- While widely used, it simplifies accountability, avoiding ontological questions and broader social interactions outside formal settings.
Accountability in Everyday Social Interactions
- Human interactions outside formal forums involve account-giving behaviors rooted in social relationships, not just juridical exchanges.
- These everyday exchanges reflect inherent capacity for accountability based on mutual respect and social recognition.
Theoretical Foundations from Classic Thinkers
- Adam Smith’s early work links accountability to moral beings who must give an account to others, emphasizing mutual respect.
- The second-personal standpoint, developed by Darwall, emphasizes mutual accountability grounded in respect rather than authority.
Ethnomethodology and Social Order
- Harold Garfinkel viewed accountability as a feature of social actions organized for mutual understanding.
- Actions are designed to be publicly observable and reportable, making social facts recognizable and interactions meaningful.
Accountability in Organizational Contexts
- Chester Barnard’s work highlights “accountability spaces” or zones where relationships develop.
- Designing these spaces within organizations can foster accountable relationships and moral responsibility.
Overlooked Theories and Emerging Fields
- Ethnomethodology and anthropological studies offer insights into accountability as social and moral practices.
- Accountability issues are increasingly relevant in technology and AI, raising philosophical and ethical questions.
Summary
- The paper calls for an ontological, ethical redefinition of accountability rooted in social and relational acts.
- It critiques current models for their narrow focus and advocates integrating insights from classical, sociological, and anthropological theories.
Concept of Accountability in Public and Private Sectors
- Explores diverse definitions and cultural meanings of accountability.
- Highlights challenges in reconciling expectations, independence, and transparency.
Ethical Foundations and Moral Perspectives
- Discusses ethics, respect, and moral responsibilities in governance.
- Examines ethnomethodology and moral philosophy influencing accountability.
Algorithmic and Technological Accountability
- Addresses ethical issues of algorithms and big data.
- Emphasizes transparency, fairness, and social implications of technology.
Governance and Institutional Structures
- Analyzes governance models, public sector reforms, and institutional trust.
- Focuses on balancing accountability with trust in various contexts.