1998: Customs Service

Dubnick, Melvin, “Customs Service.” In A HISTORICAL GUIDE TO AMERICAN GOVERNMENT , edited by George Kurian (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp 142-149.

AI-Generated Summary:

Historical Development of U.S. Customs Service

  • Customs services originated during colonial times as part of British colonial policy and colonial government financing.
  • Early customs collection was managed by colonial governors, with enforcement often evaded through smuggling.
  • British laws like the Navigation Acts and Molasses Act aimed to control colonial trade but faced widespread evasion and corruption.
  • British enforcement increased after 1763, contributing to colonial resentment leading to the American Revolution.

Establishment of U.S. Customs Post-Revolution

  • The U.S. Constitution granted Congress authority to levy tariffs and regulate commerce, establishing the basis for a national customs system.
  • The first customs districts were created in 1789, with officials like collectors and surveyors managing duties and inspections.
  • Customs officials played vital roles in revenue collection, local administration, and later, immigration and health enforcement.

Customs Service Reforms and Challenges

  • The late 19th century saw scandals and corruption at customs houses, prompting civil service reforms like the Pendleton Act.
  • Organizational changes included creating divisions, boards, and courts to handle appraisal disputes and improve enforcement.
  • The service expanded its functions to include immigration, health, and drug enforcement, especially during the 20th century.

Modernization and Reengineering of Customs

  • The 20th century brought structural reforms, including district consolidations, automation, and new operational centers.
  • The 1993 reorganization aimed to modernize the agency, emphasizing process functions, customer service, and partnerships.
  • The agency adopted a mission-driven approach, focusing on adaptability, streamlined management, and technological advancements.
  • Future reforms focus on creating a flexible, efficient, and responsive customs service capable of handling evolving trade and security challenges.
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